A 10-step framework for use of read-across (RAX) in next generation risk assessment (NGRA) for cosmetics safety assessment.

This paper presents a 10-step read-across (RAX) framework for use in cases where a threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach to cosmetics safety assessment is not possible. RAX builds on established approaches that have existed for more than two decades using chemical properties and in silico toxicology predictions, by further substantiating hypotheses on toxicological similarity of substances, and integrating new approach methodologies (NAM) in the biological and kinetic domains. NAM include new types of data on biological observations from, for example, in vitro assays, toxicogenomics, metabolomics, receptor binding screens and uses physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling to inform about systemic exposure. NAM data can help to substantiate a mode/mechanism of action (MoA), and if similar chemicals can be shown to work by a similar MoA, a next generation risk assessment (NGRA) may be performed with acceptable confidence for a data-poor target substance with no or inadequate safety data, based on RAX approaches using data-rich analogue(s), and taking account of potency or kinetic/dynamic differences.

Integrating toxicokinetics into toxicology studies and the human health risk assessment process for chemicals: Reduced uncertainty, better health protection.

The database of practical examples where toxicokinetic (TK) data has benefitted all stages of the human health risk assessment process are increasingly being published and accepted. This review aimed to highlight and summarise notable examples and to describe the "state of the art" in this field. The overall recommendation is that for any in vivo animal study conducted, measurements of TK should be very carefully considered for inclusion as the numerous benefits this brings continues to grow, particularly during the current march towards animal free toxicology testing and ambitions to eventually conduct human health risk assessments entirely based upon non-animal methods.

Improvements in Toxicology Testing to Identify Fentanyl Analogs and Other Novel Synthetic Opioids in Fatal Drug Overdoses, Connecticut, January 2016-June 2019.

OBJECTIVES: Drug overdose deaths in Connecticut increasingly involve a growing number of fentanyl analogs and other novel nonfentanyl synthetic opioids (ie, novel synthetics). Current postmortem toxicology testing methods often lack the sophistication needed to detect these compounds. We examined how improved toxicology testing of fatal drug overdoses can determine the prevalence and rapidly evolving trends of novel synthetics. METHODS: From 2016 to June 2019, the Connecticut Office of the Chief Medical Examiner increased its scope of toxicology testing of suspected drug overdose deaths in Connecticut from basic to enhanced toxicology testing to detect novel synthetics. The toxicology laboratory also expanded its testing panels during this time. We analyzed toxicology results to identify and quantify the involvement of novel synthetics over time. RESULTS: From 2016 to June 2019, 3204 drug overdose deaths received enhanced toxicology testing; novel synthetics were detected in 174 (5.4%) instances. Ten different novel synthetics were detected with 205 total occurrences. Of 174 overdose deaths with a novel synthetic detected, most had 1 (n = 146, 83.9%) or 2 (n = 26, 14.9%) novel synthetics detected, with a maximum of 4 novel synthetics detected. Para-fluorobutyrylfentanyl/FIBF, furanylfentanyl, and U-47700 were most identified overall, but specific novel synthetics came in and out of prominence during the study period, and the variety of novel synthetics detected changed from year to year. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced toxicology testing for drug overdose deaths is effective in detecting novel synthetics that are not identified through basic toxicology testing. Identifying emerging novel synthetics allows for a timely and focused response to potential drug outbreaks and illustrates the changing drug market.

Therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology: International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology consensus guidelines for imatinib therapy.

Although therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an important tool in guiding drug dosing for other areas of medicine including infectious diseases, cardiology, psychiatry and transplant medicine, it has not gained wide acceptance in oncology. For imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a flat dosing approach is utilised for management of oral chemotherapy. There are many published studies examining the correlation of blood concentrations with clinical effects of imatinib. The International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT) determined that there was a need to examine the published literature regarding utility of TDM in imatinib therapy and to develop consensus guidelines for TDM based on the available data. This article summarises the scientific evidence regarding TDM of imatinib, as well as the consensus guidelines developed by the IATDMCT.

Using historical control data in bioassays for regulatory toxicology.

Historical control data (HCD) consist of pooled control group responses from bioassays. These data must be collected and are often used or reported in regulatory toxicology studies for multiple purposes: as quality assurance for the test system, to help identify toxicological effects and their effect-size relevance and to address the statistical multiple comparison problem. The current manuscript reviews the various classical and potential new approaches for using HCD. Issues in current practice are identified and recommendations for improved use and discussion are provided. Furthermore, stakeholders are invited to discuss whether it is necessary to consider uncertainty when using HCD formally and statistically in toxicological discussions and whether binary inclusion/exclusion criteria for HCD should be revised to a tiered information contribution to assessments. Overall, the critical value of HCD in toxicological bioassays is highlighted when used in a weight-of-evidence assessment.

Progress towards an OECD reporting framework for transcriptomics and metabolomics in regulatory toxicology.

Omics methodologies are widely used in toxicological research to understand modes and mechanisms of toxicity. Increasingly, these methodologies are being applied to questions of regulatory interest such as molecular point-of-departure derivation and chemical grouping/read-across. Despite its value, widespread regulatory acceptance of omics data has not yet occurred. Barriers to the routine application of omics data in regulatory decision making have been: 1) lack of transparency for data processing methods used to convert raw data into an interpretable list of observations; and 2) lack of standardization in reporting to ensure that omics data, associated metadata and the methodologies used to generate results are available for review by stakeholders, including regulators. Thus, in 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (EAGMST) launched a project to develop guidance for the reporting of omics data aimed at fostering further regulatory use. Here, we report on the ongoing development of the first formal reporting framework describing the processing and analysis of both transcriptomic and metabolomic data for regulatory toxicology. We introduce the modular structure, content, harmonization and strategy for trialling this reporting framework prior to its publication by the OECD.

Deriving Compound-Specific Exposure Limits for Chemicals Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis: Challenges in Expert Decision-Making Exemplified Through a Case Study-Based Workshop.

A workshop entitled "Deriving Compound-Specific Exposure Limits for Chemicals Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis" was held at the 2018 Genetic Toxicology Association annual meeting. The objectives of the workshop were to provide an educational forum and use case studies and live multiple-choice polling to establish the degree of similarity/diversity in approach/opinion of the industry experts and other delegates present for some of the more challenging decision points that need to be considered when developing a compound-specific exposure limit (ie, acceptable intake or permissible or permitted daily exposure). Herein we summarize the relevant background and case study information for each decision point topic presented as well as highlight significant polling responses and discussion points. A common observation throughout was the requirement for expert judgment to be applied at each of the decision points presented which often results in different reasoning being applied by the risk assessor when deriving a compound-specific exposure limit. This supports the value of precompetitive cross-industry collaborations to develop compound-specific limits and harmonize the methodology applied, thus reducing the associated uncertainty inherent in the application of isolated expert judgment in this context. An overview of relevant precompetitive cross-industry collaborations working to achieve this goal is described.

Incorporating lines of evidence from New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) to reduce uncertainties in a category based read-across: A case study for repeated dose toxicity.

A group of triazole compounds was selected to investigate the confidence that may be associated with read-across of a complex data gap: repeated dose toxicity. The read-across was evaluated using Assessment Elements (AEs) from the European Chemicals Agency's (ECHA's) Read-Across Assessment Framework (RAAF), alongside appraisal of associated uncertainties. Following an initial read-across based on chemical structure and properties, uncertainties were reduced by the integration of data streams such as those from New Approach Methodologies (NAM) and other existing data. In addition, addressing the findings of the ECHA RAAF framework, complemented with specific questions concerning uncertainties, increased the confidence that can be placed in read-across. Although a data rich group of compounds with a strong mechanistic basis was analysed, it was clearly demonstrated that NAM data available from publicly available resources could be applied to support read-across. It is acknowledged that most read-across studies will not be so data rich or mechanistically robust, therefore some targeted experimentation may be required to fill the data gaps. In this sense, NAMs should constitute new experimental tests performed with the specific goal of reducing the uncertainties and demonstrating the read-across hypothesis.

Rethinking Nano-TiO2 Safety: Overview of Toxic Effects in Humans and Aquatic Animals.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 ) are widely used in consumer products, raising environmental and health concerns. An overview of the toxic effects of nano-TiO2 on human and environmental health is provided. A meta-analysis is conducted to analyze the toxicity of nano-TiO2 to the liver, circulatory system, and DNA in humans. To assess the environmental impacts of nano-TiO2 , aquatic environments that receive high nano-TiO2 inputs are focused on, and the toxicity of nano-TiO2 to aquatic organisms is discussed with regard to the present and predicted environmental concentrations. Genotoxicity, damage to membranes, inflammation and oxidative stress emerge as the main mechanisms of nano-TiO2 toxicity. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 can bind with free radicals and signal molecules, and interfere with the biochemical reactions on plasmalemma. At the higher organizational level, nano-TiO2 toxicity is manifested as the negative effects on fitness-related organismal traits including feeding, reproduction and immunity in aquatic organisms. Bibliometric analysis reveals two major research hot spots including the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of nano-TiO2 and the combined effects of nano-TiO2 and other environmental factors such as light and pH. The possible measures to reduce the harmful effects of nano-TiO2 on humans and non-target organisms has emerged as an underexplored topic requiring further investigation.

Nanotoxicology: The Need for a Human Touch?

With the ever-expanding number of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) under development there is a vital need for nanotoxicology studies that test the potential for MNMs to cause harm to health. An extensive body of work in cell cultures and animal models is vital to understanding the physicochemical characteristics of MNMs and the biological mechanisms that underlie any detrimental actions to cells and organs. In human subjects, exposure monitoring is combined with measurement of selected health parameters in small panel studies, especially in occupational settings. However, the availability of further in vivo human data would greatly assist the risk assessment of MNMs. Here, the potential for controlled inhalation exposures of MNMs in human subjects is discussed. Controlled exposures to carbon, gold, aluminum, and zinc nanoparticles in humans have already set a precedence to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. These studies have provided considerable insight into the potential (or not) of nanoparticles to induce inflammation, alter lung function, affect the vasculature, reach the systemic circulation, and accumulate in other organs. The need for further controlled exposures of MNMs in human volunteers - to establish no-effect limits, biological mechanisms, and provide vital data for the risk assessment of MNMs - is advocated.

New approach methodologies (NAMs) for human-relevant biokinetics predictions. Meeting the paradigm shift in toxicology towards an animal-free chemical risk assessment

For almost fifteen years, the availability and regulatory acceptance of new approach methodologies (NAMs) to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME/biokinetics) in chemical risk evaluations are a bottleneck. To enhance the field, a team of 24 experts from science, industry, and regulatory bodies, including new generation toxicologists, met at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden, The Netherlands. A range of possibilities for the use of NAMs for biokinetics in risk evaluations were formulated (for example to define species differences and human variation or to perform quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolations). To increase the regulatory use and acceptance of NAMs for biokinetics for these ADME considerations within risk evaluations, the development of test guidelines (protocols) and of overarching guidance documents is considered a critical step. To this end, a need for an expert group on biokinetics within the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to supervise this process was formulated. The workshop discussions revealed that method development is still required, particularly to adequately capture transporter mediated processes as well as to obtain cell models that reflect the physiology and kinetic characteristics of relevant organs. Developments in the fields of stem cells, organoids and organ-on-a-chip models provide promising tools to meet these research needs in the future.

Safety Considerations of Cancer Nanomedicine-A Key Step toward Translation.

The rate of translational effort of nanomedicine requires strategic planning of nanosafety research in order to enable clinical trials and safe use of nanomedicine in patients. Herein, the experiences that have emerged based on the safety data of classic liposomal formulations in the space of oncology are discussed, along with a description of the new challenges that need to be addressed according to the rapid expansion of nanomedicine platform beyond liposomes. It is valuable to consider the combined use of predictive toxicological assessment supported by deliberate investigation on aspects such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic profiles, the risk that may be introduced during nanomanufacture, unique nanomaterials properties, and nonobvious nanosafety endpoints, for example. These efforts will allow the generation of investigational new drug-enabling safety data that can be incorporated into a rational infrastructure for regulatory decision-making. Since the safety assessment relates to nanomaterials, the investigation should cover the important physicochemical properties of the material that may lead to hazards when the nanomedicine product is utilized in humans.

Potential frameworks to support evaluation of mechanistic data for developmental neurotoxicity outcomes: A symposium report.

A key challenge in systematically incorporating mechanistic data into human health assessments is that, compared to studies of apical health endpoints, these data are both more abundant (mechanistic studies routinely outnumber other studies by several orders of magnitude) and more heterogeneous (e.g. different species, test system, tissue, cell type, exposure paradigm, or specific assays performed). A structured decision-making process for organizing, integrating, and weighing mechanistic DNT data for use in human health risk assessments will improve the consistency and efficiency of such evaluations. At the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society (DNTS) 2016 annual meeting, a symposium was held to address the application of existing organizing principles and frameworks for evaluation of mechanistic data relevant to interpreting neurotoxicology data. Speakers identified considerations with potential to advance the use of mechanistic DNT data in risk assessment, including considering the context of each exposure, since epigenetics, tissue type, sex, stress, nutrition and other factors can modify toxicity responses in organisms. It was also suggested that, because behavior is a manifestation of complex nervous system function, the presence and absence of behavioral change itself could be used to organize the interpretation of multiple complex simultaneous mechanistic changes. Several challenges were identified with frameworks and their implementation, and ongoing research to develop these approaches represents an early step toward full evaluation of mechanistic DNT data for assessments.

ACCIDENTAL POISONING IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ADMITTED TO A REFERRAL TOXICOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF A BRAZILIAN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of children and adolescents admitted for exogenous unintentional poisoning in the emergency room and analyze factors associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on hospital records of all subjects up to 19 years-old admitted in 2013 at a specialized toxicology service on a major public emergency hospital due to unintentional intoxication (as reported). Accidents with poisonous animals and insects were excluded. Percentages and frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for the continuous quantitative variables. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to identify variables associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. RESULTS: In 2013, 353 cases were reported. Poisonings were more frequent in children 0-4 years-old (72.5%) and in boys (55%). The vast majority was of dwellers of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (83%), and 90% of the accidental poisonings occurred at home. 82.7% of the poisonings occurred by oral ingestion, especially of medicinal (36.5%) and cleaning products (29.4% of all poisonings). Only 12.2% of the cases resulted in hospitalization, and only one resulted in death. Residing outside Belo Horizonte (OR=5.20 [95%CI 2.37-11.44]) and poisoning by two or more products (OR=4.29 [95%CI 1.33-13.82]) were considered risk factors for hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Accidental poisonings occurred most frequently by ingestion of household medications and cleaning products, especially among children under 4 years-old. Preventive strategies should be primarily directed for this prevalent profile.

Accidental poisoning in children and adolescents admitted to a referral toxicology department of a brazilian emergency hospital / Intoxicações exógenas acidentais em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um serviço de toxicologia de referência de um hospital de emergência brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the profile of children and adolescents admitted for exogenous unintentional poisoning in the emergency room and analyze factors associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on hospital records of all subjects up to 19 years-old admitted in 2013 at a specialized toxicology service on a major public emergency hospital due to unintentional intoxication (as reported). Accidents with poisonous animals and insects were excluded. Percentages and frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for the continuous quantitative variables. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to identify variables associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. Results: In 2013, 353 cases were reported. Poisonings were more frequent in children 0-4 years-old (72.5%) and in boys (55%). The vast majority was of dwellers of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (83%), and 90% of the accidental poisonings occurred at home. 82.7% of the poisonings occurred by oral ingestion, especially of medicinal (36.5%) and cleaning products (29.4% of all poisonings). Only 12.2% of the cases resulted in hospitalization, and only one resulted in death. Residing outside Belo Horizonte (OR=5.20 [95%CI 2.37-11.44]) and poisoning by two or more products (OR=4.29 [95%CI 1.33-13.82]) were considered risk factors for hospitalization. Conclusions: Accidental poisonings occurred most frequently by ingestion of household medications and cleaning products, especially among children under 4 years-old. Preventive strategies should be primarily directed for this prevalent profile.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos atendimentos de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de intoxicações exógenas acidentais e os fatores associados às internações hospitalares. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com base na revisão dos registros de todas as intoxicações acidentais de indivíduos com até 19 anos de idade, atendidos no setor de toxicologia de um hospital público de referência em 2013, excluídos os acidentes com animais peçonhentos e insetos. A intencionalidade da intoxicação foi baseada nos relatos. Foram calculadas percentagens e frequências para as variáveis qualitativas, e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão das variáveis quantitativas contínuas. Foi realizada análise múltipla, utilizando regressão logística binária para identificar as variáveis associadas à internação hospitalar das vítimas atendidas. Resultados: Em 2013, foram identificados 353 atendimentos em crianças e adolescentes. A faixa etária mais prevalente foi a de zero a quatro anos (72,5%), e predominaram indivíduos do sexo masculino (55%). A maioria dos atendimentos foi de pacientes residentes na região metropolitana (83%). Noventa por cento das intoxicações ocorreram nos domicílios; 82,7% se deram pela via oral, especialmente por medicamentos (36,5%) e produtos de limpeza (29,4% de todas as intoxicações). Resultaram em internações 12,2% dos casos, ocorrendo um único óbito. As variáveis associadas à internação foram: residir fora do município sede (razão de chances [OR]=5,20; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 2,37-11,44) e o envolvimento de mais do que uma substância na intoxicação (OR=4,29; IC95% 1,33-13,82). Conclusões: O ambiente doméstico é o principal local em que ocorrem as intoxicações em crianças e adolescentes, especialmente por ingestão de medicamentos e produtos de limpeza e abaixo de quatro anos de idade. Esses achados justificam a priorização de ações preventivas direcionadas para esse perfil de acidentes.

Factors associated with incomplete toxicology reporting in drug overdose deaths, 2010-2016.

PURPOSE: Classification of overdose deaths is often geographically and demographically inconsistent. Incomplete surveillance records may distort estimates of drug overdose rates across time and place. We examined incomplete toxicology reporting among drug overdose decedents by demographic and geographic characteristics, measuring changes in missingness rates and their associations with decedent characteristics over time. METHODS: We estimated the percentage of overdose deaths reported in the National Vital Statistics System with missing toxicology results from 2010 to 2016, overall and by decedents' demographic and geographic characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression models evaluated prevalence of missingness by decedent characteristics, accounting for geographic clustering. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% of death certificates did not indicate a specific drug, declining from 24.4% in 2010 to 14.6% in 2016. Deaths were less likely to have missing information if they occurred in counties with medical examiners versus coroners. Female decedents were more likely to have missing information than males, as were non-Hispanic whites compared with Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of deaths with missing toxicology information declined over time, but demographic and geographic differences in missingness persist. This yields detection biases that skew temporal trends and understanding of groups impacted by the opioid epidemic.

Evaluating potential refinements to existing Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) values for environmentally-relevant compounds.

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) mandates the US EPA perform risk-based prioritisation of chemicals in commerce and then, for high-priority substances, develop risk evaluations that integrate toxicity data with exposure information. One approach being considered for data poor chemicals is the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC). Here, TTC values derived using oral (sub)chronic No Observable (Adverse) Effect Level (NO(A)EL) data from the EPA's Toxicity Values database (ToxValDB) were compared with published TTC values from Munro et al. (1996). A total of 4554 chemicals with structures present in ToxValDB were assigned into their respective TTC categories using the Toxtree software tool, of which toxicity data was available for 1304 substances. The TTC values derived from ToxValDB were similar, but not identical to the Munro TTC values: Cramer I ((ToxValDB) 37.3 c. f. (Munro) 30 µg/kg-day), Cramer II (34.6 c. f. 9.1 µg/kg-day) and Cramer III (3.9 c. f. 1.5 µg/kg-day). Cramer III 5th percentile values were found to be statistically different. Chemical features of the two Cramer III datasets were evaluated to account for the differences. TTC values derived from this expanded dataset substantiated the original TTC values, reaffirming the utility of TTC as a promising tool in a risk-based prioritisation approach.